Since the 1980s, Qixia City has planted 36,000 hectares of apples, and the planting density has been 2mx3m. In shaping and trimming, the tree shape such as sparse lamellar shape, free-spindle shape and slender spindle shape was promoted. Since 1986, the trial has promoted the use of sparse layer-shaped annual plastic trimming technology. The technology has the advantages of easy shaping, early tree formation, rapid crown expansion, early fruit and high yield, good ventilation and light transmission, short trees, and easy management and operation. In the condition of sufficient fertilizer and water, it can reach 2 years of shaping, 3 years of results, 666.7m2 of output 500kg, 4 years of 666.7m2 of production 1 000kg, 5 years of production of 2000~3000kg.
At present, the annual application area of ​​Xiaoguanshu sparse-shaped orthopedic pruning technology in our city reaches 10,000 hm2, and the tree age is about 15 years old. The tree vigor is strong and stable, with a yield of 3,000 kg at 666.7 m2, and a high-yield garden of 4,000-5,000 kg. It is expected to be more than 30 years.
1 The basic structure of the sparse layer
Dry height 40-50em (without affecting operations such as valerian, fertilizing, and reflective film), tree height 2m (convenient for pollination, fruit thinning, bagging, leaf picking, fruit transfer, harvesting, pruning, etc.) There are 6-8 main branches, 4-6 first floors, and 2 or 3 second floors. On the main branch, no lateral branches were cultivated, and on the first main branch, short fruit branches and small and medium fruit branch groups were directly cultured, and on the second main branch, short fruit branches and small fruit branch groups were directly cultured.
2Pruning trimming in the year of colonization
After planting seedlings in the spring, it was dried in mid-March, and the height was 80cm. From the cut buds, 8 buds were successively carved to increase the germination rate and promote the pre-shooting of the main branches. And by strengthening the management of fertilizers and water to improve the branch. The method of carving buds, with a small hacksaw inscribed 2mm above the bud, a horizontal mouth, deep to the xylem.
In winter, pruning, choose to stand upright as the center of Wang branch, dry at 2xn from the ground, and then leave 4-6 branches for the first main branch, the excess branches from the base sparse. All the main branches that are kept are not cut or trimmed, and maintain their original state. When branches are not suitable, they can be adjusted later by pulling branches.
3 Year 2 Pruning
In mid-March, the full shoots on the main branch were all sprouted. If the angle of the main branch is opened at this time, the back buds will be strong and the back buds will be weak. When the main branch is maintained in an upright state, the branching force of all the buds is basically the same.
In mid-May, when the new branch grows to 0.5 cm, it is girdled on the trunk and the stripping width is about 4 millimeters (that is, 1/8 of the dry thickness) to promote flower bud differentiation.
In the first sentence of August, the branch was opened and the position of the main branch was adjusted. The upright main branch was drawn into an 80' angle, and the position of the main branch was adjusted to be evenly distributed on the center stem.
In winter pruning, the competition branches of the first branch extension branch are eliminated and the rest of the branch shoots are not cut. For the shoots that germinate on the center, two or three branches that are suitable for leaving the direction are used as the second main branch, and the excess branches are removed from the base.
4 Year 3 Pruning
In mid-March, the full shoots on the main branch of the second floor were separated one at a time.
In mid-to-late May, when the spring shoots basically stopped growing, they were girdled on the trunk, and the width of the mouth was about 5 mm.
In July, according to the number of fruit set, select the appropriate sticks to support the main branch, so that the main branch to maintain 80-90 angle.
Pruning in winter, remove the competing branches of the second main branch extension branch, and put the other branches in slow release without shearing. For the first main branch, the result will be the result of the death. The result of the back and side branches. The remaining branches maintain a uniaxial extension, and sparse 1-year-old branches of the branches are eliminated, and the preserved one-year-old branches are not placed in shear and promote flowering.
5 Pruning from the 4th year to the closure of canopy
In mid-March, the moderate-long branches and medium-long fruit abutments of the slow-discharged midribs were engraved. The number of carved buds was 1/3 of the full-filled buds.
In early April, flowers are cut in advance. Buds are easily recognizable after budding, and the flower buds are cut back and the excess shoots and flower buds are removed.
In mid-to-late May, when the spring shoots basically stopped growing, they were girdled on the trunk, and the width of the mouth was 5 to 10 mm.
In early June, the unused branches in the canopy were removed.
In July, according to the number of fruit set, the main branch of the branch maintained an angle of 80-90 degrees.
In winter pruning, on the second main branch, only short fruit branches and small fruiting branches are cultivated. During pruning, the dense branches and branches should be removed; the preserved one-year-old branches should not be cut and cut, and then the flowers should be flowered. Shrink. On the first main branch, the short fruit branch and the middle and small fruit branch groups were cultured at intervals; the medium fruit branch group had to be extended uniaxially; when the branch group was too long, it should be alternately retracted and renewed and the dense shoots should be removed; One-year-old shoots are not cut, and flowers are replanted after flowering.
6 Closed Orchard Pruning
In orchards with a high level of management, canopy closure occurs around the age of five years, and permanent trees and temporary trees should be determined at this time. Temporary tree in the plastic trim to give way to a permanent tree, by retracting, eliminating the main branch to compress the crown, in order to increase the ring peel, keep fruit to control the tree vigor until shaved. For permanent trees, slow-release and thinning should be adopted, girdling should be stopped, and crowns should be quickly expanded, and 1 or 2 side branches should be cultured on the first-level main branch as appropriate. The results of the pruning and renewal of sticks are the same as above. The determination of permanent trees and temporary trees is, in principle, determined by septation and even by interlacing. However, it is not imperative to rigidly apply the rules. Permanently established plants should be identified as permanent trees. Plants with weak and incomplete trees should be identified as temporary trees. .
7 Problems Needing Attention in Pruning
In the above-mentioned pruning technique, a method of applying germination was used to increase the germination rate of the shoots and increase the number of short branches without using short pruning to promote branching. Although short cut pruning can promote branching, stimulating the vegetative growth of twigs will inhibit flower bud differentiation and delay results.
The effect of girdling measures to promote flower bud differentiation is very satisfactory, and labor and labor are saved. However, girdling can inhibit the growth of roots, shoots and leaves of whole trees, weaken the tree vigor, reduce the resistance to disease and stress resistance of trees, and affect the quality of fruits. Therefore, girdling should only be used on young trees. Twisting shoots and twigs in the growing season can promote flower bud differentiation, but it is laborious and laborious. The results are often small and of poor quality. Production is not promoted.
To strengthen the comprehensive management of apple trees and promote the robust growth of the tree. With robust branches, it is possible to perform operations such as carving and girdling.
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