1.Plot selection:
In order to obtain high-quality and high-yield potatoes, it is very important to choose soil suitable for potato growth. The plot of potato cultivation should meet the following two basic conditions:
The first is to choose slightly acidic sandy loam soil or loam for fertile soil, flat terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, deep soil, and loose soil for cultivation.
The second is to select plots of solanaceous crops such as potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants that have not been cultivated within three years to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases. Fore crops are best for leguminous, cruciferous, and cereal crops. For example, soybeans, rapeseed, shallots, and garlic are used as fore crops, which can also effectively prevent the harm of bacterial bacterial wilt.
Third, the plots sprayed with tofu, sulfasulfuron, mesosulfuron, chlorsulfuron, sulfasulfuron, and atrazine in the previous crops could not be planted with potatoes in 1-3 years.
2. Fertilize the land:
The amount of fertilizer applied has a greater relationship with soil types and fertility. Generally, for medium fertility soils, the total amount of fertilizer applied per acre is 35-50 quintals of compost soil, and (15-15-15) 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 100 ～ 150 kg, 100 kg of bio-organic fertilizer. In greenhouse cultivation of potatoes, the required fertilizer is usually applied in two parts, once as a base fertilizer before the cultivated land, and once as a seed fertilizer when sowing. Generally, no topdressing is required during growth.
After the fertilizer is prepared, deep-cultivation should be carried out on the ground before the beginning of winter. Before the ploughing, the soil fertilizer should be applied at one time, and the ternary compound fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer should be applied in half of the acres. Then ploughing about 30 cm deep to freeze and weather the soil and reduce overwintering pests.
Sheds and sheds
In early spring, potato planting in protected fields mostly adopts three-mode cultivation. Generally, the ridges (6 ridges, 8 ridges, 10 ridges) are used as an arch shed according to the width of the greenhouse. The greenhouse consists of a steel frame greenhouse, a bamboo pole greenhouse, and a multi-story greenhouse.
The shed should be constructed 15-20 days before the sowing of potatoes, and the shed film should be buttoned to help the soil thaw and increase the ground temperature.
Button film: The greenhouse film is mostly a non-drop film with a thickness of 0.06-0.12 mm. Generally, a three-layer film is used. The junction of the top film and the skirt film should overlap 20-30 cm. Press the top film outside the skirt film. The grounding part of the film should be sealed with soil, and the pressure line between the two arches should be tightened and fixed. When the film is covered by the greenhouse, it should be selected in windless weather to avoid wind blowing, which is not conducive to covering the film or tearing the film.
The second film is preferably a polyethylene film with a thickness of about 0.03 to 0.04 mm, and is on an arch frame about 40 cm away from the roof film. In this way, a "warm shell gallbladder" style "shed in a shed" is formed. When the second film is not in use, it can be fixed on one side of the arch frame with plastic rope.
Selection and treatment of seed potatoes
1. Variety selection:
Early spring potatoes generally use early-maturing varieties with early tubers, fast tuber expansion, short dormancy, high yield, high quality, and disease resistance. For example, Holland No. 7, Holland No. 15, and Holland 803 are planted with Zaodabai, Zhongshu No. 3, Zhongshu No. 5, and Eugene 885. Virus-free seed potatoes must be certified and resolutely put an end to commercial potato cultivation.
Generally, the seed potato of the early spring potato has a low temperature in the body due to long-term cellaring, and its physiological functions are suppressed, so that the seed potato is in a dormant state. If the germ is immediately germinated and sown, the emergence is often slow and uneven, which affects the yield. Therefore, before sowing, seed potato treatment should be carried out to break the dormancy in order to facilitate early emergence.
2.Taking seeds
There are many ways to treat seed potatoes. Sun-dried potato is a commonly used method. Generally, 150 kilograms of seed potatoes need to be prepared per acre. On a sunny day, the selected seed potatoes are placed in the sun at a temperature of 12-15 ° C to awaken to promote the potato to release the dormant period. Turn it once a day during the sun, so that the seed potatoes can evenly see the light. During the turning process, the hybrid potato with abnormal shape of the potato, such as rotten potatoes, soft and black rot diseased potatoes, deformed potatoes, aging potatoes, Bud eye necrosis, frostbite potatoes, etc. After 2 to 3 days of sunbathing, you can cut and germinate according to the size of the potato pieces.
3.Sprouted potatoes
Germination before sowing is an important measure for potato market in spring. It can not only promote the early emergence of potatoes, but also increase the potato's growth period by 7 to 10 days. It is helpful to avoid high temperature and aphid damage. It is a key technology for spring potato production. . The germination time is usually about 25 days before the suitable potato seeding period. The methods of germination are diced germination and whole potato germination. The cutting promotes germination because it breaks the top advantage of seed potatoes (tubers). After cutting, the bud eyes on each cut get similar nutrient conditions, and the germination speed is fast and the size is more consistent. At the same time, dicing is also a process of eliminating diseased potatoes, which not only can make the young shoots take root quickly, but also have early and uniform emergence, which is conducive to high yield, so it is widely used in production.
(1) Dicing: The cutting time is preferably 1 to 2 days before germination. If it is too early, the cutting will lose more water or cause rotten seeds.
(2) Knife sterilization: One person needs to prepare two knives for cutting, use them alternately, and put 75% alcohol or 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for sterilization before cutting.
(3) Dicing method: The yield of potato tail buds after planting is very low, only one third of the top buds or side buds. Therefore, when cutting potatoes for high-yield cultivation, the tail buds should be cut off. Generally, seed potatoes below 50 g can be sown as whole potatoes, and only the tail buds can be cut off. For 50 to 100 g seed potatoes, all two petals in the vertical direction after cutting off the tail buds; For 100-150 grams of seed potatoes, cut one-third of the tail first, and then split it from the top bud, so that it is cut into 3 pieces; 150-gram seed potatoes, according to the number of bud eyes from the tail, according to the length of the bud eyes The oblique direction cuts the seed potato into oblique triangles. The incision should be close to the bud eyes, which can stimulate early germination and facilitate early emergence.
When slicing with one knife, soak the other knife in disinfectant, and change the knife after each cut. When you cut into diseased or rotten potatoes, you need to stop immediately, dip the knife in the disinfectant solution configured for a second disinfection, and then cut with another knife to prevent the disease from spreading during the cutting process.
The size of the cut pieces should be uniform, generally 25-30 grams each, and at least one healthy bud eye should be kept in each piece.
The cut seed pieces are spread out in the leeward sun, and the incision water is dried to promote wound healing. In order to prevent the knife edge of potato pieces from being infected with bacteria, and at the same time to prevent seedling diseases and underground pests, it is best to use seed dressing.
(4) Seed dressing
100g of 70% Antaisen (zinc propion) wettable powder was mixed with 20% of 60% high-quality (imidacloprid) suspension seed coating agent, added to 1-1.5kg of water, shaken and sprayed onto 100kg of seed potatoes. This formula can not only prevent the harm of seedling aphids, underground pests, and gold needles, but also can make potato pieces shoot early, grow strong and have high yield.
(5) Germination: Put the mixed seed pieces into a basket and place them in a room with an ambient humidity of 85% and a temperature of 18-22 ° C. It is best to cover them with a damp cloth for germination. When the buds grow to about 1 to 2 cm, put them under scattered light to dry them, so that they can evenly see the light. When the buds turn into dense green buds, you can prepare for sowing.
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