First, biological characteristics 1. Morphological characteristics Grifola frondosa fruit fleshy, short-handled, coral-like branches, the end of the fan-shaped to the spoon-shaped cap, overlapping into a bundle, a large clump width 40 to 60 cm, weight 3 to 4 Kg; cap diameter 2 to 7 cm, gray to light brown. Fine hair on the surface, old and smooth, with reflective stripes, thin edges, in the roll. Fungi white, 2 to 7 mm thick. The tube length is 1 to 4 mm and the tube holes are elongated. The hole surface is white to pale yellow and the nozzle is polygonal, with an average of 1 to 3 per millimeter. Spores are colorless, smooth, oval to oval. Thin mycelium wall, branches, with diaphragm, no lock-like combination. 2. Growing environment and distribution Ash tree flowers were born in the summer and autumn around the trunks and cuttings of oak, oak and other broad-leaved trees, resulting in wood decay. Wild ash tree flowers are distributed in Japan, Europe, North America and many areas in China. Wild ash tree flowers have been reported in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Fujian provinces. The author was also collected in chestnut forests in the outskirts of Beijing. 3. Physiological characteristics Grifola frondosa can grow in the range of 20 ~ 30 °C, the optimum temperature is 24 ~ 27 °C. The fruiting body can occur at 16 to 24°C and the optimum temperature is 18 to 21°C. The relative humidity of mycelial growth is 65%, and the optimum humidity for fruiting body is 90%. Grifola frondosa is an aerobic fungus, which requires fresh air for both mycelium growth and fruit body development. In particular, the development stage of fruiting bodies requires frequent convection ventilation, which is generally difficult to meet in the room, and thus the mushrooms are often ventilated outdoors. get on. The growth of mycelium is not strict with the light requirements. The growth of fruiting bodies requires strong scattered light and sparse direct light, and the light lacks light color, light flavor, poor quality, and affects the yield. Grifola frondosa grows at a pH of 4.5-7 and an optimum pH of 5.5-6.5. Second, cultivation management? In 1970, Japan began artificial cultivation, the output increased year by year, the recent annual output has exceeded 10,000 tons, the market fresh price of about 1,000 yen per kilogram. As demand exceeds supply, Japan will also import some from China. Over the past decade, some research institutes in Zhejiang, Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Fujian and Shanghai have introduced domestication and experimental cultivation. Qingyuan in Zhejiang Province and Qianxi in Hebei province began large-scale production. The Changping Black Mountain Village in Beijing has also been planted. The following describes the cultivation methods based on the practical experience of Mr. Zhao Guoqiang, Qianxi County, Hebei Province. 1. Production of strains Different strains and strains have a decisive role in the yield and quality of Grifola frondosa. Some strains are of inferior quality, or simply no fruit body. Therefore, it is necessary to use fine strains that have been verified by production, have strong resistance to stress, have fast growth, and have high yield. Regardless of the introduced or isolated strains, the mushrooming test should be conducted before large-scale expansion. The suitable culture medium for Grifola frondosa is PDA synthetic medium and bran medium. It can also be prepared by conventional methods using grain medium. These three kinds of medium can be used for the separation and transposition of Grifola frondosa mother plants, and it is better to use the internal microbe at the junction of Grifola frondosa and stipe. The strain to be isolated should be a healthy strain that has been well-differentiated in the strain, and separation and transfer are performed under sterile conditions. Commonly used medium formulations for the production of Grifola frondosa are: (1) 80% chestnut wood, 8% wheat bran, 1% gypsum and sugar, 10% sandy loam or loam. (2) 80% of cottonseed skin, 8% of bran, 1% of gypsum and sugar, 10% of sandy loam or loam. • Mix the medium with water and mix well. The moisture content is 60%. Boil, sterilize and inoculate after mixing. Culture at 25-26°C. Fill the bottle for about 30 days. After quality inspection, the mycelium is thick and can be used without contamination by bacteria. ? 2. The production of bacteria bags? Process: ingredients → bagging → sterilization → inoculation → bacteria. (1) Formula of culture materials 1 chestnut wood 70%, bran 20%, raw soil 8%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1%. 2 chestnut wood chips 50%, cottonseed skin 40%, raw soil 8%, gypsum and sugar 1%, plus 105% to 110% water mix, so that the water content of 55% to 57%. Humidity is too high, and when the fruit body is formed, too much brown liquid is exuded, which easily leads to fruit body rot. (2) Polypropylene bags or high-density polyethylene bags with a length and breadth of 17 cm and 30 cm in length and 0.5 to 0.6 mm in thickness, filled with about 15 cm in length, and sleeves with a diameter of 3 cm in height and 3 cm in length , add tampon cover waterproof paper, use rubber band or small wire to fasten, then sterilize. (3) Sterilization at normal pressure, keeping at 100°C for 8 to 9 hours, or autoclaving for 1.5 hours. (4) inoculation according to the foregoing requirements, using good varieties, aseptically. (5) Cultivation of mycelium heat 25 ~ 28 °C, indoor humidity less than 70%, dark culture, daily ventilation 1 ~ 2 times. After 15 days, scattered light was added to enhance ventilation, and the temperature was 22 to 25°C. After 30 days, the hyphae covered the bottom of the bag, and the surface of the bag formed a bacteroid skin. Then it gradually swelled and gradually turned grayish to dark gray, which was the original primordium. management. ? 3. Cultivation management? Grifola frondosa mushroom and imitation wild mushroom two management methods. Bag-type mushroom: move the long primordium bag into the mushroom room, keep the temperature at 20～22°C, air humidity 85%～90%, light 200～500 lux, remove the ring and tampon after 3～5 days, erect On the bed frame, the mouth of the bag is covered with paper, and the paper is sprayed with water. It is ventilated 2 or 3 times a day for 1 hour each time. About 20 to 25 days later, the cap is fully expanded, and the fungal pores are picked when they are elongated. When harvesting, a small knife can be used to cut the whole mushroom body, and 2~3 tides can be collected, and the biological efficiency can be 30% to 40%. Imitation of wild mushrooms: wood chips as a culture of bacteria bags, mycelium full bag, remove the plastic bag, the bacteria sticks neatly arranged in the excavated in advance, the gap between the bacteria sticks, gaps in the bacteria stick Fill the soil around and cover the surface with a layer of 1 to 2 cm. This is a form of earth-covered cultivation, and the biological efficiency can reach 100% to 120%. This method is far better than the former (bag-type mushroom), so it is introduced here. (1) The time of row of bacteria Grifola frondosa is cultivated in Tangshan area, and the best row of bacteria is in the period from November to the end of April. Because the bacteria and bacteria in the air and soil are not active at this time, they do not invade the mycelium, while the mycelium of the ash tree is resistant to low temperatures, and the mycelium is tightly connected and robust, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients by the mycelium. Although the development period is long in the low-temperature period, the early-stage and high-yielding fruiting can be achieved, and 80% of the yield can be completed before the rainy season. Since the ashtree planted after the end of April has a high temperature and the active bacteria, the ash-bag is active. It is easy to infect, and fruiting bodies will appear to grow fast, the single plant is small, the total yield is low, and it is vulnerable to high temperature and heavy rain. ? (2) row of bacteria? 1 site. Select areas where the leeward sun is sunny, the terrain is high, the water is dry, there is no water, the water source is near, the drainage and irrigation are convenient, and it is far from the toilet or the livestock and poultry. 2 Dig pits. Requires east-west walking, excavation of pits 45 to 55 centimeters wide, 2.5 to 3.0 meters long, and 25 centimeters deep. The distance between the pits is 60 to 80 centimeters. Drains are to be built between them to facilitate walking, management, and drainage. 3 Prepare before planting. After digging the trench, it is necessary to fill a large water first, with the purpose of protecting the earth. After the water has penetrated, a layer of lime is sprinkled in the bottom of the ditch and the ditch to increase calcium and disinfect. Then, a thin layer of trichlorfon powder is sprinkled in the ditch and ditch, and a small amount of topsoil is laid on the bottom of the ditch. 4 discharge bacteria sticks. Thoroughly stripping the mycelial bag from the plastic bag. The mycorrhizal rods are laid horizontally into rows in rows. The adjacent bar should be tight and there must be one gap between each four bars. At the same time, the back surface of the fungus rod discharged in the ditch should be flush with the earth by ramming or padding. In this way, 4 to 5 rows of bacteria can be discharged in the ditch. ? 5 fill gaps. Fill the gap between the fungus stick and the fungus rod and between the fungus stick and the furrow to 1 cm above the fungus stick. ? 6 irrigation. Drain the water into the pit to make the soil available. There are voids or pits in the wet soil to keep the surface flat and keep the topsoil 1 to 2 cm thick. 7 bags to help. Cover the perimeter of the pit with a plastic film or nylon bag to prevent the soil from falling off. 2 months before the row of bacteria still need to lay a layer of film in the cocoons, covering the film on the 5 ~ 7 cm soil layer, to the mid-April will shovel the film and tar soil shovel net, ready to mushroom management. 8 take a shade shed. In the north side of the pit and the middle of the pit, two crossbars are erected. The central crossbar is 15 centimeters from the ground, the north crossbar is 25 centimeters from the ground, and the plastic rods and straw curtains are placed on the crossbars. Before April, the northern plastic cloth was laid directly on the ground and compacted with soil. Vent holes were left on both sides. 9 gravel. In the winter when the bacteria are covered with floating soil and film, gravel should be laid after removing the floating soil and film. A thin layer of 1.5 to 2.5 cm diameter smooth gravel is laid inside the pan. (3) Mushroom management? 1 Moisture management. In late April, the natural temperature reaches 15°C or more, and once the water is poured into the pot, the amount of water is preferably 2 cm or less. After the automatic infiltration, water is sprayed once every morning, in the middle and evening, and the amount of water is suitable for the wet ground. And spray as much space as possible. According to the rainfall, when drought occurs, it is necessary to water every 5 to 7 days. It is advisable to infiltrate the water immediately. When there is rain, it is necessary to pay attention to keeping away from the original foundation after spraying the original foundation of ash tree flowers. The yellow water drops on the base. After the gray tree flower grows up, it can spray water on the mushroom to promote the growth of the mushroom body. Three days after the ash tree flowers were harvested, their roots should not be sprayed with water to rejuvenate the mycelium and grow under the tide mushroom. In the high temperature season, it is also necessary to sprinkle water on the grass curtains and the pit outside, cooling and humidifying. In the low-temperature season, it is best to spray warm water through the sun when spraying water and water, so as to facilitate heat preservation. The rainy season has enough rainfall to reduce the amount of water that can be sprayed or not sprayed. Dry heat needs to be sprayed once a day at noon during the day. ? 2 temperature management. In late April or early May, insulation is the main theme. In the evening, we must cover grass curtains and plastic sheets, or weave straws under plastic sheeting, and extend the time of direct sunlight in the sunlight when there is sufficient sunlight. From the end of June to August, the high temperature and high heat period should be mainly based on cooling. You can use spray water to cool and increase the cover on the straw screen to increase the degree of shade. In the evening, open plastic sheets or straw curtains are opened for outdoor growth. When the temperature is high during the day, cover sheets such as straw or plastic sheets are covered. ? 3 ventilation management. After mid-April, the plastic sheet on the north side will be rolled up and stacked on the straw curtain so that the north side will be kept in a long-term ventilation. Every morning and evening, the straw curtain will be opened and ventilated for 1 to 2 hours. Pay attention to less ventilation at low temperatures and windy weather, more ventilation during high temperatures and rainy days, and appropriate ventilation before and after spraying large waters sooner or later. Ventilation should be coordinated with heat preservation, moisturizing, and shading. Do not ventilate or ventilate too much. Mushroom bud differentiation period of less ventilation and more moisturizing, mushroom bud growth period more ventilation and promote evaporation. ? 4 lighting management. Use a sway method to maintain the stable scattered light of the growth of Grifola frondosa, drying in the morning and evening for 1-2 hours to increase the weak direct light. Production does not use excessively thick straw curtains to preserve sparse direct light. Avoid strong direct light during the fruiting period, and do not remove shades for heat preservation and easy operation. ? 5 light water vapor coordination management. Factors such as light, temperature, water, and gas must be coordinated and implemented in different seasons, different times, and different weather conditions, as well as the main aspects of cultivation and management conditions, but they should not be ignored so as to deviate from the limits of secondary aspects. They also need to pass any An overview of factors measures the creation of conditions for other factors. Such as increasing the ventilation in rainy weather to reach the moist condition of the mushroom, reduce the high-temperature damage by increasing shading when dry heat; drying the curtain every morning and evening, can be carried out simultaneously with ventilation, water spray, or at this time, the ash tree malformation mushroom is mostly due to Inconsistent environment, such as the original base of yellowing and wilting do not differentiate, due to small ventilation caused by small humidity; small mushrooms are due to lack of light due to lack of ventilation; mushroom cap shaped like lobular, slow differentiation of the staghorn mushroom and the high mushroom is It is caused by poor ventilation and excessive humidity; yellow-swollen mushrooms are caused by large amounts of water vapor, poor ventilation, or high temperatures; white-fat mushrooms are mostly caused by weak light; coke-mushrooms are caused by small amounts of light and moisture; the primordium does not grow; Due to thick soil, watering, and cold water, the temperature is low and the growth is slow. The mushroom is due to high temperature, high humidity, poor ventilation, and the mushroom body does not evaporate. The medium collapse is caused by high temperature and no ventilation. Caused by the death of silk. In summary, the premise of the high yield of Grifola frondosa is the coordination of light, temperature, water, and air factors to create conditions suitable for growth and development. China Agricultural Network Editor
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