North asparagus cultivation technology

The scientific name of asparagus is "Diaobai cypress", also known as "Dragon's Asparagus". Liliaceae Asparagus is a perennial perennial grass plant that grows continuously with seeds for more than 10 years. The soft stalks harvested after softening the soil are called white asparagus. The green asparagus is harvested after the soil is softened. Green asparagus is mainly used for fresh food, and white asparagus is mostly used as a canned food. It is necessary to choose a planting mode according to the market, and those that can be planted on a large scale, according to the requirements of local governments or organizers. Whether the white asparagus required by the processing enterprise or the white asparagus and green asparagus required by the merchant, there is not much difference in farmers' benefits; white asparagus Generally processing exports, the domestic market is less fresh; the domestic market for green asparagus is in great demand, and a small part is exported. Therefore, it is better for farmers to grow alone or in small areas.

Asparagus tender stems have a delicate texture, aromatic flavor, strong compactness, and less brittle fiber. They contain protein, fat, calcium, iron, and multivitamins. They are precious vegetables, delicious in taste, rich in nutrition, and high in medicinal value. It lowers blood pressure, prevents and treats diseases of the cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems. It has a unique anti-cancer effect. It is a well-known medicine in the world. The market prospects for planting asparagus are good and the benefits are high.

Asparagus * is suitable for warm summers and cold winters. Generally, the tender stems that sprout in spring are used as product organs, and their growth depends on the supply of stored nutrients in the roots of the previous year. Tender stem growth and yield formation were positively related to the number of stems and lushness of branches and leaves in the previous year. The length of the tender stem is closely related to the variety, environmental conditions, and cultivation techniques. Cultivation management should be centered on the current year's output, stable and high yield, and extended economic life. More organic fertilizers such as compost and manure should be applied to promote soil looseness and fertility to facilitate the development of the root system. The main points of cultivation techniques are as follows:

1 Selection of good varieties

Asparagus is a perennial perennial herb with strong adaptability and many varieties. According to the market demand, select the appropriate variety, such as Apollo, Purple Passion (purple variety), Special Honey, Jersey Giant, Endeavour, UC800 and other excellent varieties. The bamboo shoots are stout and neat, the top is not easy to scatter, the commodity rate is high, and the economic benefit is good. It is worth mentioning that the female asparagus plant has strong flowering and consumes more nutrients. Its young stem yield is lower than that of the male plant, but the female plant produces thick and heavy bamboo shoots. The first generation of excellent asparagus hybrids can be seeded and planted in the same year. 150-200 kg / mu of bamboo shoots can be harvested in the second year, and the yield of fresh bamboo shoots can reach 600-1000 kg / mu in the third and fourth years. The benefits per mu can reach 5000-8000. yuan.

2 Nutrition bowls to cultivate strong seedlings

The use of nutrient bowls to raise seedlings is conducive to increasing the rate of seedling formation and cultivating strong seedlings. Light injury to the plants during transplanting is beneficial to the early development of strong seedlings and to achieve the purpose of proper planting and early high yield.

2.1 Prepare your nutrition bowl

The nutrient bowl should be prepared one month in advance. Firstly, choose a loose sandy loam soil with a high fertility level as the seedbed. The seedbed is 1.3-1.5 meters wide and 10-15 cm deep. Before making the pot, every cubic nutrient soil should be applied with 30-40 kg of rotten chicken manure, 2 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 10 kg of plant ash, or 70% garden soil, 25% plant ash, 1.5% compound fertilizer, 0.5% urea, 1 % Phosphate fertilizer and 2% potassium chloride to prepare nutrient soil, mix well and beat. The diameter of the bowl is 8-10 cm, the height of the bowl is 10 cm, and 2,500 bowls need to be prepared per acre of field.

2.2 Seed soaking and germination

Asparagus seed shells are thick and fatty, and absorb water slowly. First soak the seed with 50% Carbendazim 300-500 times solution for 24 hours, then soak the seed in 25-30 degrees warm water for 2-3 days, and change the fresh water 2-3 times a day. After soaking, cover with clean gauze and germinate at 25-30 degrees. During the germination period, pour 1-2 times with warm water at about 25 degrees every day. When 15% of the seeds are exposed, they can be sown.

2.3 Sowing

2.3.1 Spring sowing

Sowing in March-April, planting in May-June, harvesting of bamboo shoots in the next spring. Those who are transplanted before wheat can be sown in early March, and those who are transplanted after wheat can be sown in early April. Water the nutrient bowl before sowing, one grain per bowl, and cover with 2 cm thick soil after sowing. Then spray the bait to prevent underground pests. * The sacral surface is covered with a plastic film, and the top surface is covered with a bow shed film to implement double film coverage to maintain heat and moisture and promote germination and seedling growth.

2.3.2 Autumn sowing

Sowing in August-September, planting in October-November, the third year of spring began to harvest bamboo shoots.

2.4 Seedbed Management

The management of seedbeds should be centered on adjusting temperature and humidity, cultivating strong seedlings, and controlling pests. The bed temperature before emergence is 20-30 degrees during the day and not lower than 12 degrees at night. When the first 70% of the seedlings are unearthed, the flat mulch film is removed and the seedlings are gradually ventilated. When the seedlings are about 10 cm high, thin organic liquid fertilizer or urea is poured once to remove weeds in time. Carbendazim and phoxim are used to control brown spot disease, Spodoptera litura and underground pests. When the seedlings are about 20 cm high, ventilation can be used without removing the film to adapt the seedlings to the external environment. Keep the seedbed moist during this period. Healthy seedling standard: seedling age 70 days, seedling height 25-30 cm, there are more than 3 stems above ground, about 15 roots stored underground, root length 20-25 cm.

3 Soil selection and site preparation

The root system of asparagus belongs to the fibrous root system. The root group is particularly vigorous. A large number of succulent roots occur on the underground stem. It likes a warm and well-ventilated environment. High temperature, high humidity, and water accumulation can easily cause decay. Therefore, asparagus is suitable for sandy loam soil with loose and fertile soil, good air permeability, deep soil layer, rich organic matter content, and convenient drainage and irrigation. The PH value is 6 ～ 6.7, and the carrot and beet should not be planted in the previous crop. Excessive pH or heavy silt is not suitable for asparagus growth.

Asparagus is a perennial crop. Once it is planted, the land can no longer be fully ploughed. Therefore, before planting, combine deep ploughing (30-40 cm, and fully whiten) to prepare the land, apply organic fertilizer 3-4 squares per mu, and compound fertilizer 80-100 kg. Rake flat after ploughing, do a good job in irrigation and drainage projects in the field, and excavate and plant trenches on the north-south lines. Row spacing is 1.2-1.5 meters, trench width is 40-50 cm, and depth is 30-40 cm. Before transplanting, apply 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 80 kg of cake fertilizer, and 2-3 organic fertilizers in the ditch. Apply evenly into the ditch and mix well with the backfill soil. When transplanting, the planting ditch should be 10 cm from the ground. One plant is planted every 30 cm, and 1500-1800 plants are planted per mu. It can be done while raising seedlings and grading, and the planting, watering, and soil covering operations can be completed at one time. One large plant is planted in each hole, and two weak plants are planted in each hole. The strong plants are planted separately. When planting, it should be directionally planted (that is, the end of the underground stem with the green bulbs should be directed in the same direction along the ditch and lined up in a straight line to facilitate soil cultivation in the future). Fine soil 4 ~ 5 cm, water thoroughly, cover the soil 1 ~ 2 cm after water seepage to prevent compaction and water evaporation, and check the seedlings and replant in time 3 to 4 days after transplanting to prevent lack of seedlings. After the new shoots of the seedlings are born, the ditch should be gradually filled in stages.

4 Field management

4.1 Planting year

After the asparagus is planted, it is necessary to pay close attention to the field management work of cultivating roots and strong plants and spurring autumn hair as the core to achieve the purpose of early rapid growth and high yield. After planting, due to the short size of the plant, weeding should be done in time. If the weather is early, watering should be timely, and the flood should be drained in time to prevent dead roots in the field. Generally, one month after planting, 20-30 kg of urea is used to promote balanced growth according to seedling conditions combined with watering. After entering August, asparagus has entered a vigorous growth stage in autumn. The autumn fat should be re-applied and vigorously promote the rapid growth of asparagus in the months of August, September and October, laying a foundation for high yield early next year. Generally apply 2-3 square meters of organic fertilizer, 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 20 kg of urea. Apply furrows 40 cm from the plant. At the same time pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. After winter, the above-ground part of asparagus begins to wither, and the nutrition in the plant is transferred to the underground root, which is conducive to strong roots and high yield in spring. In late winter and early February, the ground plants should be thoroughly cleaned to reduce the source of disease bacteria.

4.2 The second year of planting and the year of harvesting bamboo shoots

In the second and subsequent years of harvesting bamboo shoots, we must focus on scientifically managing the three fertilizers, retaining stems, and timely topping, etc. to comprehensively control pests and diseases; scientifically harvesting bamboo shoots.

4.2.1 Scientific Research on Three Fertilizers

Three fertilizers are germination fertilizer, strong bamboo shoot fertilizer and autumn hair fertilizer. The basic method is: in March, combine cultivating and cultivating soil between ridges and soils (performed in stages) to apply germination fertilizer, apply 2-3 cubic fertilizers per mu, and use 100 kg of asparagus special fertilizer. Conducive to the demand for inorganic nutrition of bulbs and tender stems. Generally, the output of summer bamboo shoots accounts for 2/3 of the total output of the year, so strong bamboo shoot fertilizer (relay fertilizer) is applied in early and mid-June, and 20-30 kg of urea is applied per mu. This time the fertilizer acts as a relay, which can prolong the harvesting period. Increase the amount of bamboo shoots harvested in the middle and late stages. After harvesting bamboo shoots in early and mid-August, combined with fine soil flat ridges, it is necessary to re-apply autumn hair, 2-3 square meters of soil fertilizer, 200 kg of asparagus fertilizer and 20 kg of urea, which will promote the healthy autumn production of asparagus. Accumulate nutrients and cultivate multiple and strong scales. This three-fertilizer matching and rationally applied fertilization model is the basis for high yield and quality of asparagus.

Asparagus has a long growing period and is more resistant to drought and waterlogging. However, the soil was kept moist during the shoot harvest, the tender stems grew fast, the quality was good, and the yield was high. During this period of drought, horse water should be irrigated in due course. During the flood season, pay attention to exclude waterlogging and prevent diseases such as high temperature rotten roots.

4.2.2 Comprehensive control of plant diseases and insect pests

Asparagus stem blight and brown spot disease are the main diseases that harm asparagus. There is currently no effective medicine for prevention. Practice has proved that adopting agronomic measures, supplemented by comprehensive pest control strategies that strengthen the control of pesticides, can achieve more results with less effort. The specific methods are:

4.2.2.1 Timely topping to prevent lodging

Asparagus plants can reach more than 1.5 meters, allowing it to grow, which seriously affects ventilation and light transmission, and is easy to fall down. Field humidity is severe and the disease is severe. When the plant reaches about 100 cm, topping should be timely, which is conducive to concentrated nutrition and promote the growth of underground rhizomes. If necessary, pull the wire to ensure that the plant does not fall.

4.2.2.2 Clearing the countryside

Clearing up the countryside to reduce the source of infection is one of the effective methods to prevent stem blight. In February, the field stalks were completely cleaned, and the diseased branches and leaves were cleaned and burned. After harvesting the bamboo shoots in mid-August, the residual piles and the female stems on the ground must be thoroughly cleaned in combination with the flat ridges back to the ground. Periods of autumn disease, regular removal of diseased branches and leaves in the field can greatly reduce the incidence of disease.

4.2.2.3 Retaining the stems of the mother to harvest the bamboo shoots and prolong the harvest period

For new asparagus fields in the second year after planting, only green asparagus should be harvested. Generally, the young stems that grow in the middle of April are left in the field as mother stems and not picked for the roots. Later, the young stems started to be harvested. The length of the harvesting period depends on the quality of the autumn hair last year. Generally, it can be harvested for 30-50 days. In the asparagus field in full production period, all the young stems born before the middle of May can be harvested. According to the situation of bamboo shoots in the first half of May, after leaving 2-3 mother plants in each hole, it can be harvested until the first half of August. The white asparagus field is usually harvested from the beginning of mid-May to retain the mother's stem, leaving 1-2 roots per plant layer, which can be continuously harvested to the beginning of mid-August. This kind of picking bamboo shoots with the mother stem not only increases the income of bamboo shoot farmers, but also avoids the peak of the disease caused by high temperature and high humidity in July, reduces the number of medications and costs.

4.2.2.4 Reasonable fertilization

Add organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and appropriately control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Can increase soil organic matter, loosen soil, promote robust growth of asparagus stems and leaves, and improve disease resistance.

4.2.2.5 Seize the favorable opportunity to prevent and control the drug reasonably

Take prevention-oriented and comprehensive prevention methods. When the remaining stems are unearthed within 5-7 days, when the plant height is about 20 cm, the stems are coated with Bordeaux solution, carbendazim and other agents. After the bamboo shoots are collected, the root piles must be protected by spraying along the ridges to clear the residual piles and eliminate the bacteria in the root plate and the topsoil. On the basis of clearing away the diseased branches and leaves in time, according to the weather and the disease, the sprays should be applied at the appropriate time according to the weather and the disease, and the sprays should be applied alternately to improve the spraying quality. Carbendazim, methyl tobbutin, mancozeb, bacteriocin, asparagus clear, etc. can be selected. The main pests are Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, cotton bollworm and ground tiger. The night moths can be treated with 1000 times solution of juvenile urea, Nonglinle, etc., and the control of aphids can be controlled with 1000 times solution of omethoate, and the underground pests can be controlled with furan, soil treatment and trichlorfon bait.

5 Scientific harvesting

5.1 Harvest Green

Green asparagus is harvested at 9-11 am every day. According to the requirements of the quality of the goods, the young stems that protrude from the ground by 20-24 cm are cut off at 2 cm below the soil and concentrated for sale. For harvesting methods, use a special stainless steel knife to neatly cut the young stems, put them in a basket with a wet towel, and put them in a cool place to prevent running water from aging.

5.2 Harvesting white asparagus

White bamboo shoots are harvested, and ridge cultivation is generally carried out before March 25 in combination with cultivation and fertilization. The soil is required to be finely crushed, and a high ridge with a base width of 60 cm, a height of 25-30 cm, and a top width of 40 cm is made. The soil ridges are loose inside and tight outside, and the surface is smooth. During the harvesting period, check the ridge top twice a day before 8am and after 4pm. If the soil surface is cracked, remove the topsoil and use a bamboo knife to harvest on the upper part of the underground stem. 75 degree angle to avoid damaging the underground stem. After harvesting, the ridge soil should be restored and flattened. After harvesting, the white bamboo shoots should be stored in the shade and sold in stages.

5.3 Determine the stoppage period

With the harvest of the young stems, the stored nutrients are continuously consumed. When the tender stems become thinner, the hardness becomes larger, the number of malformed shoots increases, and the yield should be stopped immediately. After the asparagus is stopped, there must be a growing period of about 100 days for the next year to achieve high yields. The suitable harvest time for asparagus in the northern age is 70-80 days.

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