Eucheuma
Eucheuma is a kind of tropical seaweed with high economic value. It is widely distributed on the southern coast of China, and it grows in places such as Taiwan, Hainan Island and Xisha Islands. In Hainan Island and Xisha Islands, this seaweed is called agar. A long time ago, the working people of our country began to study and use this seaweed.
Eucheuma contains a lot of carrageenan, polysaccharides and mucilage. Carrageenan is now widely used in textile, food, construction and other industrial sectors and medical and health sectors. Currently, there are specialized carrageenan manufacturing plants in Qionghai and Wenchang, Hainan Island, with an annual output of about 20 tons.
In the past, eucheuma had been in a state of natural growth for a long time and had not been artificially cultivated. Since the establishment of the Hainan seaweed breeding farm in 1955, it has actively carried out research on culturing and breeding, which has resulted in a rapid increase in yield. So far, China’s artificially cultivated The annual production of eucheuma has reached more than 400 tons. In the future, the Eucheuma farming industry will have a greater development.
Nursery technology:
Eucheuma is a perennial seaweed that is mainly found in tropical and subtropical seas. It is only produced in Hainan Island, the Paracel Islands and Taiwan in China. The eucheuma dishes on Hainan Island and the Xisha Islands are generally attached to coral reefs, with the most adherents on antler corals. There are also attached to rose corals, chrysanthemum corals, cup corals, and broken corals. Large brain corals and stones are rarely found. There are attachments; Taiwan's eucheuma is a hard seabed that spreads or clusters in limestone and rarely corals. There is a small amount of growth in the water surface. From 3 to 6 meters, the distribution of the algae contained in the algae gradually decreased with depth.
Litsea umbellata grows more than 1.020 in the proportion of seawater, and it can only maintain for a short period of time when the rainfall season drops to 1.015. For a long time, the color of the algae becomes lighter and the rot material appears. If it drops sharply to 1.010, then In two or three days, the algal organisms together with the growth-based corals will die. Therefore, when choosing a culture zone, 呸 can choose to have a large amount of fresh water flushed into the estuary.
The eucheuma dish is suitable for growth in high temperature seawater. When the water temperature of the eucheuma of Hainan island is between 20-30°C, the algae body grows fastest; the water temperature in the second season of winter and spring is lower, the algae body grows slowly; the growth of the algae body stops below 20°C and even appears Atrophy phenomenon, if the cold temperature is low for a long time, the algae body glue content drops obviously. When the water temperature exceeds 35°C in summer, the growth of eucheuma is inhibited, and the algae appear yellow-brown, with thin branches and even curly ends.
In summer and autumn, if there are frequent thunderstorms, the eucheuma grows lushly, the new branches grow vigorously, and the algae grow thick. However, continuous heavy rain, with a lower specific gravity, will affect growth. In dry weather, the growth rate is slow, the algae are yellow, and the branches are thin.
Breeding technology:
The method of artificial breeding of Eucheuma in China began in 1958, and it has been ideal for seedling transplanting, seedling transplanting and seedling seedling planting. Although the first two methods have many disadvantages, they have some practical value. Therefore, they are introduced together.
First, seedling seedling planting method that seedlings tied together with the growth base, and then get the sea for planting.
(a) picking seedlings
1. The selection of seedlings: The seedlings have a direct impact on the growth and development of the crops. The requirements for seedlings are the first to select stout, brightly colored algae as seedlings, and the color is yellow-green or red-green on the back. The best algae body with yellowish-white body color and wilted branches should not be used as seedlings. The second is the requirement that the algae seedlings be free of algae and avoid the introduction of enemy pests into new breeding sites. Usually, a nursery should be pre-selected before picking the seedlings to grow densely, the algae grows well and there is no algae, but as close as possible to the breeding grounds.
2. Seedling treatment: The seedlings collected can be planted immediately with seedlings, or they can be used on the next day, depending on the tide conditions. Most of the general arrangements are to collect seedlings in the afternoon, pick them up and use a net bag to hang up in the shore water, and take the next morning to take the seedlings, rake the seedlings, and sow planting in the afternoon. For the seedlings that are raised on the shore temporarily, two issues should be noted. First, do not install too full, so as not to suffocate the user because the water flow is not smooth, and second, it is necessary to suspend and avoid loss.
3. Sub-seedlings: The Eucheuma used as seedlings is divided into size and size suitable for tying seedlings. Generally, 40 to 50 cultivars can be divided into tassels. Sub-seedlings should be paid attention to in accordance with the level of growth of eucheuma branches tearing, pods to reduce the cross-section of the algae, reduce the trauma, to avoid fragmentation and waste seedlings. While dividing the seedlings, the seedlings were screened again and the work of removing the algae was done again.
4. Tied seedlings: Tied seedlings are seedlings that have been divided into small trees and are tied to the attachment base for planting. The currently used attachment base is a coral branch, generally 7 to 8 cm in length, 1-2 cm in diameter and 20 to 30 grams in weight. The material of the tied seedlings is better with rubber rings, and its advantages are quick, convenient, and safe. Before the rubber ring rots, the seedlings are firmly attached to the coral. Previously, he had tried flax, rubber, and wire, but it was not as good as a rubber band. When tying seedlings, attention should be paid to moderate elasticity, with the red belly facing the attachment base and a seedling tied with an attachment base.
Whether it is seedlings or seedlings, direct sunlight must be avoided. To keep the seedlings moist, it is best to operate indoors.
(II) Breeding
1. Selection of aquaculture sites: The environment of aquaculture sites is a major factor in determining the success or failure of breeding. It is related to the growth and reproduction of eucheuma. Therefore, the selection of sites should be considered carefully. The following are several aspects of site selection that should be noted.
(1) The sediment quality of the site: According to the practice of many years, the bottom quality is best for antlers, because the coral reef is branched and there is a certain gap between the branches and branches, which is suitable for the attachment and stretching of Eucheuma. Followed by rose coral, cup coral and other coral reefs, can be used as breeding grounds.
(2) Location of the site: Locations where the tides are smooth and the waves are relatively calm should be selected. Generally, the outer edges of the reefs and the outer sea are close to each other, and the sides and neighbors of the low-lying trench are the best. The depth of the water is the time when the tide is high. 0-2 meters deep is appropriate.
(3) Water Quality: The water quality is clear and transparent. The normal weather can be crystal clear. The water temperature is 20-30°C, and the seawater specific gravity is more than 1.020.
(4) Few algae: There are various seaweeds growing on the coral reefs. Among them, coralline algae, polytuberculata, sand-caulis, chlorella, and fern are harmful to Eucheuma. These algae occupy the site, shade the light and have a great influence on the growth of Eucheuma. Therefore, if there is too much algae, it must be removed before use. In coral reefs where corals live, there are few enemy dinoflagellates. On coral reefs where corals have a long time to die, they often have a lot of algae. When selecting a site, the former should be selected.
2. Planting: Concentrate the tied algae seedlings on the ship. To prevent sun exposure, cover with straw mats, sprinkle some seawater, and then transport them to the breeding area. Place them as dense as possible to avoid repetition. Or missed investment, generally 9 to 10 per square meter. Due to the different distribution of coral reefs in the breeding grounds, some of them, in addition to coral reefs, can not be planted such as trenches, sand bottoms and large massive corals, and a large area of ​​antler corals can be planted on board if the sea floor If the situation is more complex, people need to go under the sea to observe and instruct the planting of the plant to avoid wasting seedlings due to missed investment. In order to improve the quality of the cultivation, it is best to put the seedlings into the algae, and each farmer should take a look at the bottom of the sea to observe the situation on the seabed. The amount of 50 kg per mu, about 4,000 to 5,000 trees, is required.
3. Breeding management (1) Checking seedlings after they have been planted: After the seedlings are planted, an inspection work should be carried out to find that the seedlings are grouped together or fall into the trenches and sandy lands. Coral reefs, if any, have to be replanted.
(2) Inspection of aquaculture sites after the typhoon: There are many typhoons along the coast, causing various degrees of damage to the production of leeks, especially when the algae cultivated in the year are easily detached from the growth base, and where serious seedlings are lost. To replant. Marks for breeding sites, such as stakes, cement columns, etc., should be re-established if the typhoon breaks.
(3) Clearance of algae, in the sea area where the leek grows, there are many kinds of algae growing at the same time. Among them, there are large-scale algae such as coralline algae, algae, algae, algae, algae, etc. And small vegetables, such as sand vegetables, polytuberculata. Large-scale algae should be cleared in time to prevent the spread of development, occupy space and cover the sun. The removal is done by hand. For those small-scale algae, there is currently no ideal removal method.
(4) Protection of coral reefs on farms: Coral reefs are the bases on which ginseng grows and grows. They are also the raw materials for building houses and making cement for people who burn ash. The residents of Meibian fish out a lot of corals to build houses or sell them every year. In order to protect the coral reefs in the culture area from being dug up, a part of already-aged sites can be designated for excavation, but at the same time, full-time personnel are also required to take care of the site to ensure that the site is not damaged. Tied seedling planting method is the most ideal method for artificial cultivation of plaft vegetables at present. Its advantages are: less seedlings used, and seedlings are fastened together with the growth base. Compared with other methods, labor intensity is low. It can make full use of the labor force. "The labor force who can't swim and dive can also participate in the work of tying seedlings.
Second, seedlings transplantation is a relatively simple method of cultivation, that is, the film scale vegetables along with growth-based coral reefs together to the growth of coral reefs without coral, so that they continue to grow and reproduce, expand the breeding grounds. Approximately 5,000 kilograms of seedlings bearing coral reefs are planted per acre area. The conditions for selecting aquaculture sites are the same as those for seedling planting. The advantage of this method is that the algae are not damaged and the survival rate is high. The disadvantage is that a large number of seedlings are removed along with coral reefs in the original growth area, which has an adverse effect on the growth and reproduction of the original growth area. Therefore, it is not suitable for large-scale farming, but it can still be used for small-scale transplantation.
The seedling separation method is the predecessor of the seedling seedling planting method. The seedling seedling planting method is based on the improvement of the seedling transplanting method. Its seedling selection, treatment, seedlings and other methods, and site selection conditions. Management work, etc., are the same as the seedling seedling planting method. The difference is that when the seedlings are planted in separate ways, the seedlings must be inserted into the gaps of coral reefs instead of seedlings and growing bases. Coral reefs. The specific practices are described as follows:
To divide the eucheuma into plants of a certain size, generally 100 kilograms of seedlings per acre are needed, and each kilogram can be divided into 30 to 40, a total of about 3,000 to 4,000. The method of planting is to select the site, and then the culture personnel will dive into the water and insert the seedlings into the gaps in the coral reef. When inserting the seedlings, pay attention to the following three points: (1) Insert firmly, but not too tightly, and insert weak seedlings easily by the wind waves, or with the water, it is difficult to grow and multiply, insert too tight will Inhibit its growth; (2) The dorsoventral surface of the algae is to be distinguished, yellow-green, or red-green is the back, should be upward toward the sun, the red is the ventral surface, inserting into the coral reef; (3) the density of the planting It may be even. In addition to sand or large coral stones can not be planted, generally 6 to 9 trees per square meter is appropriate.
The advantage of this breeding method is that the source of the seedlings can be easily solved. The disadvantage is that the fixed strains must be submerged and the labor intensity is high, and the seedlings are often lost due to poor planting.
Harvesting and processing:
A. Eucheuma Harvest Eucheuma takes about 15 to 20 months from planting to harvesting. About 50 kilograms per mu of seedlings are planted at the time of sowing, and up to 500 kilograms of fresh algae can be produced per mu when harvested, and 1,000 to 1,500 kilograms can be obtained in fine sea areas. The harvest season of eucheuma is generally in the summer and autumn, that is, from late May to late September, when the algae mature and the processing rate is high. It can be harvested twice a month, ranging from 3 to 5 days each time, depending on the yield and the amount of drying capacity.
The method of fishing is to dive for fishing by hand, and the snorkeler has a basket that floats on the water. With a rope tied to the waist, wearing a goggles can be fishing under the sea, a person can collect 150 to 250 kilograms of fresh eucheum a day, fishing technology up to 500 kilograms.
When collecting eucheuma, attention should be paid to picking large strains of small strains to ensure that there are certain seedlings in the breeding area. When harvesting, there are often some coral litters that have also been picked up. Most of them have branches of eucheuma. They should be placed on nearby sites to increase the density of seedlings.
Second, the processing of euphaeine eucheuma processing, refers to the product dried from the fresh vegetables, bleaching, packaging, storage and storage of carrageenan, etc., these processes are good or bad. Directly affect the quality of products and processing rate, the relationship between increasing production and increasing output value is very large.
1. The choice of processing site: The best processing site is a flat, well-ventilated grassland. The grass on the grass is preferably short-grass grass. There should not be high buildings and trees around to avoid blocking the sunlight. Overgrown places and sand and cement floors are not easy to be processed. The former products are difficult to dry and do not operate well when the sun is shining. Sandy vegetables are more sandy and have poor color. Evenly, the color is not as good as in the grass, and the wet and fresh vegetables are exposed to the sun on the cement board. Some of the gelatin in the algae will be dissolved out, and the sticky feeling will be felt when the hand is touched.
2. Processing method: After the fresh vegetables are brought into the drying field, they are evenly spread. After one day of drying, they can remove impurities and remove coral litter and algae. In the process of drying vegetables, it is necessary to turn vegetables 4 to 5 times a day, normal weather can be dried in 3-4 days. In order to prevent Eucheuma from being wetted by dew or wetted by rain at night, from the second day of drying, the vegetables should be stacked into ridges every evening and every ridge width is 60cm and height is 20-30cm. To follow the sloping ridges of the terrain, the ridges and ridges should be parallel and not criss-cross, so that the rainwater can drain easily when it rains. After the ridges are covered with straw mats, the next day after the sun comes out, the dew on the grass will be dried and the vegetables will be spread out. This is repeated until the product is dried. The color at this time is red, that is, the second-class product sold on the market, but the unit to be shipped is generally required to have a Class A product with red or yellow wax in the white, so that the product must go through a bleaching process, ie The dried eucheuma should be soaked in water for about 30 minutes, until the color is lightened, remove and dry. Processing rate is generally 18% to 20%.
In order to ensure product quality, we must pay special attention to weather changes, and often contact the meteorological department. We must have a few days of good weather to mine. If during the processing, the algae bodies do not dry in the rain, they can be piled into ridges, covered with straw mats, and must not be piled up into large piles to prevent the black algae from heating up and affecting the product quality.
3. Product packaging and preservation: After the product is dried in the sun, the product is packed into the warehouse immediately or put into the warehouse first, and then can be packaged again when sold. At present, the products are often packed in straw mats and are also packed in sacks, each containing 30 to 35 kg. Storage warehouse should pay attention to waterproof and moistureproof, and a layer of wood or linoleum should be added to the floor and the surrounding walls to prevent moisture, and cover the canvas above to prevent the product from dampening and deteriorating.
4. Carrageenan production: Eucheuma is currently used in addition to seafood, it is mainly used in the manufacture of carrageenan, the quality of this glue is poor, the content of water insoluble substances is high, the gel strength is low, and it is not currently used in medicine. The health sector, mainly used in the food industry, manufactures soft candies and canned foods. The manufacturing process of carrageenan is as follows:
(1) Caustic soda immersed in dried eucheuma: The caustic soda concentration is 36-39 degrees for Baume, and 7.5 kg caustic soda for every 0.5 kg of dried vegetables. Generally soaked for three days, high temperature in summer and autumn, can also be soaked for two days. If heated to 65 °C with 31 degrees caustic soak for two hours.
(2) Washing vegetables: After the eucheuma soaking, the lye is drained and rinsed with water. Rinse at pH 7-7.2 and add fresh water for 24 hours so that the sulfate group in the algae can be removed to increase the gel strength.
(3) Acid treatment: The main purpose is to neutralize caustic soda inside the algae and to easily boil. Normally add 0.5‰ to 3‰ of hydrochloric acid in water for half an hour. Stir when handling.
(4) Boil the gum: Add the treated Eucheuma to 5 to 7 times of water and cook with steam for 1.5-2.O hours.
(5) Filtration: Filtration using a 100 thread nylon filter on a spiral filter cover.
(6) Gel: The filtrate is pumped into the gel tank for solidification, generally more than 10 hours.
(7) Cutting: The cutting machine is used to cut 2 tons of gel per hour.
(8) Freezing: At -17°C, freeze for 24-48 hours.
(9) Thawing: Rinse with cold water, and then use a centrifuge to shake off the surface moisture and start thawing.
(10) drying on: generally takes 1-2 days.
(11) Packing: 10 grams per packet, 5 kg per carton.
Eucheuma is a kind of tropical seaweed with high economic value. It is widely distributed on the southern coast of China, and it grows in places such as Taiwan, Hainan Island and Xisha Islands. In Hainan Island and Xisha Islands, this seaweed is called agar. A long time ago, the working people of our country began to study and use this seaweed.
Eucheuma contains a lot of carrageenan, polysaccharides and mucilage. Carrageenan is now widely used in textile, food, construction and other industrial sectors and medical and health sectors. Currently, there are specialized carrageenan manufacturing plants in Qionghai and Wenchang, Hainan Island, with an annual output of about 20 tons.
In the past, eucheuma had been in a state of natural growth for a long time and had not been artificially cultivated. Since the establishment of the Hainan seaweed breeding farm in 1955, it has actively carried out research on culturing and breeding, which has resulted in a rapid increase in yield. So far, China’s artificially cultivated The annual production of eucheuma has reached more than 400 tons. In the future, the Eucheuma farming industry will have a greater development.
Nursery technology:
Eucheuma is a perennial seaweed that is mainly found in tropical and subtropical seas. It is only produced in Hainan Island, the Paracel Islands and Taiwan in China. The eucheuma dishes on Hainan Island and the Xisha Islands are generally attached to coral reefs, with the most adherents on antler corals. There are also attached to rose corals, chrysanthemum corals, cup corals, and broken corals. Large brain corals and stones are rarely found. There are attachments; Taiwan's eucheuma is a hard seabed that spreads or clusters in limestone and rarely corals. There is a small amount of growth in the water surface. From 3 to 6 meters, the distribution of the algae contained in the algae gradually decreased with depth.
Litsea umbellata grows more than 1.020 in the proportion of seawater, and it can only maintain for a short period of time when the rainfall season drops to 1.015. For a long time, the color of the algae becomes lighter and the rot material appears. If it drops sharply to 1.010, then In two or three days, the algal organisms together with the growth-based corals will die. Therefore, when choosing a culture zone, 呸 can choose to have a large amount of fresh water flushed into the estuary.
The eucheuma dish is suitable for growth in high temperature seawater. When the water temperature of the eucheuma of Hainan island is between 20-30°C, the algae body grows fastest; the water temperature in the second season of winter and spring is lower, the algae body grows slowly; the growth of the algae body stops below 20°C and even appears Atrophy phenomenon, if the cold temperature is low for a long time, the algae body glue content drops obviously. When the water temperature exceeds 35°C in summer, the growth of eucheuma is inhibited, and the algae appear yellow-brown, with thin branches and even curly ends.
In summer and autumn, if there are frequent thunderstorms, the eucheuma grows lushly, the new branches grow vigorously, and the algae grow thick. However, continuous heavy rain, with a lower specific gravity, will affect growth. In dry weather, the growth rate is slow, the algae are yellow, and the branches are thin.
Breeding technology:
The method of artificial breeding of Eucheuma in China began in 1958, and it has been ideal for seedling transplanting, seedling transplanting and seedling seedling planting. Although the first two methods have many disadvantages, they have some practical value. Therefore, they are introduced together.
First, seedling seedling planting method that seedlings tied together with the growth base, and then get the sea for planting.
(a) picking seedlings
1. The selection of seedlings: The seedlings have a direct impact on the growth and development of the crops. The requirements for seedlings are the first to select stout, brightly colored algae as seedlings, and the color is yellow-green or red-green on the back. The best algae body with yellowish-white body color and wilted branches should not be used as seedlings. The second is the requirement that the algae seedlings be free of algae and avoid the introduction of enemy pests into new breeding sites. Usually, a nursery should be pre-selected before picking the seedlings to grow densely, the algae grows well and there is no algae, but as close as possible to the breeding grounds.
2. Seedling treatment: The seedlings collected can be planted immediately with seedlings, or they can be used on the next day, depending on the tide conditions. Most of the general arrangements are to collect seedlings in the afternoon, pick them up and use a net bag to hang up in the shore water, and take the next morning to take the seedlings, rake the seedlings, and sow planting in the afternoon. For the seedlings that are raised on the shore temporarily, two issues should be noted. First, do not install too full, so as not to suffocate the user because the water flow is not smooth, and second, it is necessary to suspend and avoid loss.
3. Sub-seedlings: The Eucheuma used as seedlings is divided into size and size suitable for tying seedlings. Generally, 40 to 50 cultivars can be divided into tassels. Sub-seedlings should be paid attention to in accordance with the level of growth of eucheuma branches tearing, pods to reduce the cross-section of the algae, reduce the trauma, to avoid fragmentation and waste seedlings. While dividing the seedlings, the seedlings were screened again and the work of removing the algae was done again.
4. Tied seedlings: Tied seedlings are seedlings that have been divided into small trees and are tied to the attachment base for planting. The currently used attachment base is a coral branch, generally 7 to 8 cm in length, 1-2 cm in diameter and 20 to 30 grams in weight. The material of the tied seedlings is better with rubber rings, and its advantages are quick, convenient, and safe. Before the rubber ring rots, the seedlings are firmly attached to the coral. Previously, he had tried flax, rubber, and wire, but it was not as good as a rubber band. When tying seedlings, attention should be paid to moderate elasticity, with the red belly facing the attachment base and a seedling tied with an attachment base.
Whether it is seedlings or seedlings, direct sunlight must be avoided. To keep the seedlings moist, it is best to operate indoors.
(II) Breeding
1. Selection of aquaculture sites: The environment of aquaculture sites is a major factor in determining the success or failure of breeding. It is related to the growth and reproduction of eucheuma. Therefore, the selection of sites should be considered carefully. The following are several aspects of site selection that should be noted.
(1) The sediment quality of the site: According to the practice of many years, the bottom quality is best for antlers, because the coral reef is branched and there is a certain gap between the branches and branches, which is suitable for the attachment and stretching of Eucheuma. Followed by rose coral, cup coral and other coral reefs, can be used as breeding grounds.
(2) Location of the site: Locations where the tides are smooth and the waves are relatively calm should be selected. Generally, the outer edges of the reefs and the outer sea are close to each other, and the sides and neighbors of the low-lying trench are the best. The depth of the water is the time when the tide is high. 0-2 meters deep is appropriate.
(3) Water Quality: The water quality is clear and transparent. The normal weather can be crystal clear. The water temperature is 20-30°C, and the seawater specific gravity is more than 1.020.
(4) Few algae: There are various seaweeds growing on the coral reefs. Among them, coralline algae, polytuberculata, sand-caulis, chlorella, and fern are harmful to Eucheuma. These algae occupy the site, shade the light and have a great influence on the growth of Eucheuma. Therefore, if there is too much algae, it must be removed before use. In coral reefs where corals live, there are few enemy dinoflagellates. On coral reefs where corals have a long time to die, they often have a lot of algae. When selecting a site, the former should be selected.
2. Planting: Concentrate the tied algae seedlings on the ship. To prevent sun exposure, cover with straw mats, sprinkle some seawater, and then transport them to the breeding area. Place them as dense as possible to avoid repetition. Or missed investment, generally 9 to 10 per square meter. Due to the different distribution of coral reefs in the breeding grounds, some of them, in addition to coral reefs, can not be planted such as trenches, sand bottoms and large massive corals, and a large area of ​​antler corals can be planted on board if the sea floor If the situation is more complex, people need to go under the sea to observe and instruct the planting of the plant to avoid wasting seedlings due to missed investment. In order to improve the quality of the cultivation, it is best to put the seedlings into the algae, and each farmer should take a look at the bottom of the sea to observe the situation on the seabed. The amount of 50 kg per mu, about 4,000 to 5,000 trees, is required.
3. Breeding management (1) Checking seedlings after they have been planted: After the seedlings are planted, an inspection work should be carried out to find that the seedlings are grouped together or fall into the trenches and sandy lands. Coral reefs, if any, have to be replanted.
(2) Inspection of aquaculture sites after the typhoon: There are many typhoons along the coast, causing various degrees of damage to the production of leeks, especially when the algae cultivated in the year are easily detached from the growth base, and where serious seedlings are lost. To replant. Marks for breeding sites, such as stakes, cement columns, etc., should be re-established if the typhoon breaks.
(3) Clearance of algae, in the sea area where the leek grows, there are many kinds of algae growing at the same time. Among them, there are large-scale algae such as coralline algae, algae, algae, algae, algae, etc. And small vegetables, such as sand vegetables, polytuberculata. Large-scale algae should be cleared in time to prevent the spread of development, occupy space and cover the sun. The removal is done by hand. For those small-scale algae, there is currently no ideal removal method.
(4) Protection of coral reefs on farms: Coral reefs are the bases on which ginseng grows and grows. They are also the raw materials for building houses and making cement for people who burn ash. The residents of Meibian fish out a lot of corals to build houses or sell them every year. In order to protect the coral reefs in the culture area from being dug up, a part of already-aged sites can be designated for excavation, but at the same time, full-time personnel are also required to take care of the site to ensure that the site is not damaged. Tied seedling planting method is the most ideal method for artificial cultivation of plaft vegetables at present. Its advantages are: less seedlings used, and seedlings are fastened together with the growth base. Compared with other methods, labor intensity is low. It can make full use of the labor force. "The labor force who can't swim and dive can also participate in the work of tying seedlings.
Second, seedlings transplantation is a relatively simple method of cultivation, that is, the film scale vegetables along with growth-based coral reefs together to the growth of coral reefs without coral, so that they continue to grow and reproduce, expand the breeding grounds. Approximately 5,000 kilograms of seedlings bearing coral reefs are planted per acre area. The conditions for selecting aquaculture sites are the same as those for seedling planting. The advantage of this method is that the algae are not damaged and the survival rate is high. The disadvantage is that a large number of seedlings are removed along with coral reefs in the original growth area, which has an adverse effect on the growth and reproduction of the original growth area. Therefore, it is not suitable for large-scale farming, but it can still be used for small-scale transplantation.
The seedling separation method is the predecessor of the seedling seedling planting method. The seedling seedling planting method is based on the improvement of the seedling transplanting method. Its seedling selection, treatment, seedlings and other methods, and site selection conditions. Management work, etc., are the same as the seedling seedling planting method. The difference is that when the seedlings are planted in separate ways, the seedlings must be inserted into the gaps of coral reefs instead of seedlings and growing bases. Coral reefs. The specific practices are described as follows:
To divide the eucheuma into plants of a certain size, generally 100 kilograms of seedlings per acre are needed, and each kilogram can be divided into 30 to 40, a total of about 3,000 to 4,000. The method of planting is to select the site, and then the culture personnel will dive into the water and insert the seedlings into the gaps in the coral reef. When inserting the seedlings, pay attention to the following three points: (1) Insert firmly, but not too tightly, and insert weak seedlings easily by the wind waves, or with the water, it is difficult to grow and multiply, insert too tight will Inhibit its growth; (2) The dorsoventral surface of the algae is to be distinguished, yellow-green, or red-green is the back, should be upward toward the sun, the red is the ventral surface, inserting into the coral reef; (3) the density of the planting It may be even. In addition to sand or large coral stones can not be planted, generally 6 to 9 trees per square meter is appropriate.
The advantage of this breeding method is that the source of the seedlings can be easily solved. The disadvantage is that the fixed strains must be submerged and the labor intensity is high, and the seedlings are often lost due to poor planting.
Harvesting and processing:
A. Eucheuma Harvest Eucheuma takes about 15 to 20 months from planting to harvesting. About 50 kilograms per mu of seedlings are planted at the time of sowing, and up to 500 kilograms of fresh algae can be produced per mu when harvested, and 1,000 to 1,500 kilograms can be obtained in fine sea areas. The harvest season of eucheuma is generally in the summer and autumn, that is, from late May to late September, when the algae mature and the processing rate is high. It can be harvested twice a month, ranging from 3 to 5 days each time, depending on the yield and the amount of drying capacity.
The method of fishing is to dive for fishing by hand, and the snorkeler has a basket that floats on the water. With a rope tied to the waist, wearing a goggles can be fishing under the sea, a person can collect 150 to 250 kilograms of fresh eucheum a day, fishing technology up to 500 kilograms.
When collecting eucheuma, attention should be paid to picking large strains of small strains to ensure that there are certain seedlings in the breeding area. When harvesting, there are often some coral litters that have also been picked up. Most of them have branches of eucheuma. They should be placed on nearby sites to increase the density of seedlings.
Second, the processing of euphaeine eucheuma processing, refers to the product dried from the fresh vegetables, bleaching, packaging, storage and storage of carrageenan, etc., these processes are good or bad. Directly affect the quality of products and processing rate, the relationship between increasing production and increasing output value is very large.
1. The choice of processing site: The best processing site is a flat, well-ventilated grassland. The grass on the grass is preferably short-grass grass. There should not be high buildings and trees around to avoid blocking the sunlight. Overgrown places and sand and cement floors are not easy to be processed. The former products are difficult to dry and do not operate well when the sun is shining. Sandy vegetables are more sandy and have poor color. Evenly, the color is not as good as in the grass, and the wet and fresh vegetables are exposed to the sun on the cement board. Some of the gelatin in the algae will be dissolved out, and the sticky feeling will be felt when the hand is touched.
2. Processing method: After the fresh vegetables are brought into the drying field, they are evenly spread. After one day of drying, they can remove impurities and remove coral litter and algae. In the process of drying vegetables, it is necessary to turn vegetables 4 to 5 times a day, normal weather can be dried in 3-4 days. In order to prevent Eucheuma from being wetted by dew or wetted by rain at night, from the second day of drying, the vegetables should be stacked into ridges every evening and every ridge width is 60cm and height is 20-30cm. To follow the sloping ridges of the terrain, the ridges and ridges should be parallel and not criss-cross, so that the rainwater can drain easily when it rains. After the ridges are covered with straw mats, the next day after the sun comes out, the dew on the grass will be dried and the vegetables will be spread out. This is repeated until the product is dried. The color at this time is red, that is, the second-class product sold on the market, but the unit to be shipped is generally required to have a Class A product with red or yellow wax in the white, so that the product must go through a bleaching process, ie The dried eucheuma should be soaked in water for about 30 minutes, until the color is lightened, remove and dry. Processing rate is generally 18% to 20%.
In order to ensure product quality, we must pay special attention to weather changes, and often contact the meteorological department. We must have a few days of good weather to mine. If during the processing, the algae bodies do not dry in the rain, they can be piled into ridges, covered with straw mats, and must not be piled up into large piles to prevent the black algae from heating up and affecting the product quality.
3. Product packaging and preservation: After the product is dried in the sun, the product is packed into the warehouse immediately or put into the warehouse first, and then can be packaged again when sold. At present, the products are often packed in straw mats and are also packed in sacks, each containing 30 to 35 kg. Storage warehouse should pay attention to waterproof and moistureproof, and a layer of wood or linoleum should be added to the floor and the surrounding walls to prevent moisture, and cover the canvas above to prevent the product from dampening and deteriorating.
4. Carrageenan production: Eucheuma is currently used in addition to seafood, it is mainly used in the manufacture of carrageenan, the quality of this glue is poor, the content of water insoluble substances is high, the gel strength is low, and it is not currently used in medicine. The health sector, mainly used in the food industry, manufactures soft candies and canned foods. The manufacturing process of carrageenan is as follows:
(1) Caustic soda immersed in dried eucheuma: The caustic soda concentration is 36-39 degrees for Baume, and 7.5 kg caustic soda for every 0.5 kg of dried vegetables. Generally soaked for three days, high temperature in summer and autumn, can also be soaked for two days. If heated to 65 °C with 31 degrees caustic soak for two hours.
(2) Washing vegetables: After the eucheuma soaking, the lye is drained and rinsed with water. Rinse at pH 7-7.2 and add fresh water for 24 hours so that the sulfate group in the algae can be removed to increase the gel strength.
(3) Acid treatment: The main purpose is to neutralize caustic soda inside the algae and to easily boil. Normally add 0.5‰ to 3‰ of hydrochloric acid in water for half an hour. Stir when handling.
(4) Boil the gum: Add the treated Eucheuma to 5 to 7 times of water and cook with steam for 1.5-2.O hours.
(5) Filtration: Filtration using a 100 thread nylon filter on a spiral filter cover.
(6) Gel: The filtrate is pumped into the gel tank for solidification, generally more than 10 hours.
(7) Cutting: The cutting machine is used to cut 2 tons of gel per hour.
(8) Freezing: At -17°C, freeze for 24-48 hours.
(9) Thawing: Rinse with cold water, and then use a centrifuge to shake off the surface moisture and start thawing.
(10) drying on: generally takes 1-2 days.
(11) Packing: 10 grams per packet, 5 kg per carton.
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