Composting is an important organic fertilizer in agricultural production. It is based on common plant-based substances and other wastes in the countryside, and is made up of human, livestock, and poultry manure. Taking high-temperature composting as an example, the composting process will be introduced for reference by farmers.
Composting
Is there a program?
First, the raw straw (which can also use weeds, leaves, garbage and other substances containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) is chopped into 6-7 centimeters long, 500 kilograms of straw, 300 kilograms of puma feces (or pig manure) Cow manure), human urine 100 kilograms of the ratio of mixed mix, piled into a rectangular pile of 1.7-2 meters high, 5-6.7 meters wide, and finally poured 700-800 kilograms of water, and cover the surface of the heap 3-6 cm thick fine soil to keep heat, water, and fertilizer. After about a week, the temperature of the reactor will rise to around 60-70°C (longer winter time). After 10 days, it will be able to be piled and then replenished with water. After waiting another 10 days, the temperature of the reactor will increase for the second time, and the first Turn it over again and add more water.
The sign of compost maturity is that the compost material (such as straw) is nearly black, rotten, and smelly. At this time, the stacking can be compacted, and the soil around it can be sealed tightly to keep the nutrient spare.
The compost produced by the above procedure generally contains 15% to 25% of organic matter, 0.4% to 0.5% of nitrogen, 0.18% to 0.26% of phosphorus, 0.45% to 0.67% of potassium, and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 16 to 20:1. The color is brown, the juice is brown, and the organic material is easily broken and deformed.
key step
What is it?
In the production of pollution-free vegetables, experts recommend the use of high-quality organic fertilizers such as compost. When composting compost, in order to make the compost meet the national hygiene standards, the most critical step is to increase the temperature of the compost. Generally speaking, the temperature must be high. To rise to 60-70 degrees, and maintained at this temperature for 6-7 days, in order to achieve good fertilizer effect, pests can also be killed. In practical experience, a thermometer can be used to measure the temperature of the heap (experienced with the hand to compost the inner sensation). It is sufficient to maintain it for 60 days at 10 days. Of course, in order to make the compost even, in practice, it must be carried out twice. Turn over the heap, so that composting is a good organic fertilizer.
Homemade compost
General use?
Compost is generally used as a base fertilizer, combined with the application of the ground, and fully mixed with the soil, so that the soil and fertilizer blend. Compost is suitable for a variety of soils and crops. Generally sandy soils can use semi-mature compost, and viscous soils must use completely decomposed compost. Application of compost can increase soil fertility (Because compost contains a large amount of organic matter, these organic substances will produce a large amount of humus in the decomposition process, which can promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, enhance soil water retention and fertility, and can make the soil become loose and easy to use. Tillage) and supplement the soil with a large number of microbial groups, to give the crop a long-lasting and stable fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizers such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, which are conducive to better growth of crops. At present, the development of "non-environmentally hazardous agricultural products," "green agricultural products," "organic agricultural products," and the multiple cropping index to improve soil fertility, is a necessary way to vigorously promote the use of organic fertilizer such as compost in production. In the production practice, because different crops require different fertilizers, in addition to applying compost, it is also necessary to use inorganic fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in order to better exert the fertilizer efficiency.
The only drawback to composting is its large size, which causes great inconvenience to transportation.
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What is the ratio of carbon to nitrogen
It is often said that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in organic fertilizers is very important. So what is the ratio of carbon to nitrogen?
We know that the decomposing process of organic fertilizers is the result of microbial action, just as there is yeast in the dough and lactic acid bacteria are present in the milk. The steamed buns and yoghurt are just as good. Microorganisms have increased their activities in organic fertilizers. The fertilization of fertilizers, but also produce high temperatures to kill many harmful bacteria and eggs. In the case of compost, the carbohydrate (carbon) in its material is the food of microorganisms, and inorganic nitrogen (nitrogen) is the material from which microorganisms multiply and build cells. The so-called carbon to nitrogen ratio refers to those in microbial cells or other organic matter. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen content. In general, the optimum ratio of carbon to nitrogen required for the active propagation of microorganisms is 25:1, because each time a microorganism synthesizes its own substance, it takes exactly 25 parts of carbon and 1 part of nitrogen. The purpose of our high-quality organic fertilizers is to allow microorganisms to move and reproduce well. It is therefore desirable that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the compost material is 25:1. However, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the compost material is actually high. For example, the straw is about 65-85:1, so that the microorganisms are limited in their activity and reproduction due to insufficient nitrogen, and the composting process of compost will drag off for a long time. Therefore, in practice, composting will involve the addition of decomposed human excrement (equivalent to the role of leaven) and nitrogen fertilizer (insufficiency of nitrogen supplementation) equivalent to 1%-2% of the material weight to adjust the ratio of carbon to nitrogen. To meet the needs of microbes.
[Related Art 1]
Human excrement, which is a widely used source of farm fertilizers. It can not only be used to compost compost, but also can be used as organic fertilizer.
The organic matter in human excrement is 5%-10%, nitrogen content is 0.5%-0.8%, phosphorus 0.2%-0.4%, potassium 0.2%-03%. It is called "fine fertilizer" in farmhouse. However, nutrients in human excrement are almost all organic, so they need to be decomposed through decomposition to be absorbed by crops; and although 70%-80% of nutrients in human urine are in the form of urea, they can be used directly by crops. However, it is easy to lose volatilization; moreover, there are many germs and parasites in human excreta and it is easy to spread diseases. Therefore, the key issue of using human excreta is how to store and apply it properly.
Storage Technology The human urine storage process is actually the fermentation decomposing process. In this process, the complex organic matter in human urine gradually decomposes into simple compounds that are easily used by crops due to the activities of various microorganisms. However, ammonia (a source of nitrogen fertilizer), which is the product of organic decomposition, is easily volatilized and lost, and the higher the temperature, the greater the loss. Therefore, in the storage period of human excreta, nitrogen loss must be prevented. Therefore, nitrogen retention is an important measure to exert the effectiveness of human fecal urine. There are three main nitrogen conservation measures in production.
First, the storage tank should be selected where the terrain is high and the shelter is cool, and it is also necessary to prevent leakage of the septic tank. The septic tanks should be compacted around and at the bottom. Covers and scaffolding should be added to prevent the sun and the rain. According to the comparative test, only the septic tanks with shading added were 11.1%-23.1% less than those placed in the open air, while those with both lids and awnings could reduce nitrogen losses by 48.7%-60.3%.
Second, add nitrogen absorption of substances. The use of substances with strong adsorption, such as dry soil, peat, deciduous, grass, etc., are put into excreta as a cover or mixed with excrement. These substances are used to absorb ammonia gas decomposed from human excreta and reduce nitrogen. Loss. It has been determined that adding 20% ​​peat can reduce nitrogen loss by 17% to 28%.
Third, add nitrogen protection agent. Adding chemical substances to human waste causes unstable ammonium carbonate to become more stable compounds. If 3-5% of superphosphate is added, the contained calcium sulfate, free sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid form a stable nitrogen-containing compound ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate with the ammonia in the excrement, thereby preventing ammonia volatilization loss. Another example is the addition of barley (ferrous sulphate) to human waste. Adding 250-300 g of barley for every 50 kilograms of human waste can result in the formation of ammonia as ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide and barley in manure. The role of iron sulfide precipitation to eliminate fecal urine odor. In addition, a small amount of manganese salt can also be added to fresh human excrement to inhibit the activity of urease. Preventing the decomposition of urea to ammonium carbonate can also reduce the loss of nitrogen.
Care must be taken not to mix decomposed human excrement with plant ash because potassium carbonate in plant ash is an alkaline substance and ammonium carbonate in human excreta produces ammonia which volatilizes nitrogen.
Harmless treatment of human waste contains a large number of germs and eggs, which can spread diseases if improperly managed. Therefore, human waste needs to be harmlessly treated.
In addition to mixing human waste with manure, garbage, straw, etc., composting with a mud sealed heap, using the high temperature (60-70 degrees Celsius) produced by microbial activity to kill germs, eggs and maggots in excreta. In addition to pests, it is also possible to cap the manure tank. The specific method is to seal and store the fecal urine pool, allow it to seal the fermentation, use the high concentration of ammonia and some reducing substances produced in the oxygen-deficient environment to kill bacteria and eggs. According to experiments, under such conditions, typhoid bacteria can only live for two weeks. Dysentery and cholera still live for less than two weeks. Although eggs of locusts are not easy to be completely killed, they also lose their vitality and are not easy to hatch; schistosome eggs need only 3 in summer. - 5 days, kill in 7-10 days in winter. This method is actually another important organic fertilizer --- the production of manure.
In addition, drug sterilisation is also a convenient method. The principle of drug selection is that it cannot damage crops, reduce the efficacy of human urine and urine, and has a low toxicity to humans and livestock, and has a wide range of sources and low prices. Commonly used measures: 10 ml/m3 of trichlorfon pesticide, schistosome eggs, fly maggots can be killed within 24 hours. Lime nitrogen can also be added in an amount of 50 kg excrement plus 0.5-1 kg. Stir well and store for one day to kill bacteria and eggs.
In some areas, toxic substances are added to the excreta, such as breaking flowers, bitter buckwheat, veratrum, stellera venom, tung seeds, pepper stalks, and stalks, which have achieved certain results.
Application applies to various crops, especially leafy vegetables. However, because it contains 1% sodium chloride, it should not be applied to bogey crops such as potatoes. Arid areas and vegetable shelters on poorly-drained or saline-alkali soils should also be used sparingly so as not to increase salt damage.
Generally can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing, as the base fertilizer, the general amount of 500-1000 kg per acre, and the need to use phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; as top dressing, must be diluted with water before application, generally 3-5 times or more water, combined Irrigation.
[Related Art 2]
In addition to human fecal urine in compost, excreta from livestock such as pigs, horses, cattle and sheep can also be used.
The excrement of livestock such as pigs, horses, cattle, and sheep is the residue that is not absorbed after the feed has been digested by the digestive tract of livestock, and is mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, and inorganic salts. Animal urine components are relatively simple, all are water-soluble substances, such as urea, uric acid, hippuric acid and potassium, calcium and magnesium and other inorganic salts.
Pig manure This is the most widely sourced organic fertilizer in Sichuan. Due to the finer pig feed currently on the market, the pig manure is rich in nutrients, and the amount of potassium and phosphorus is higher than that of cow horse dung. Pig manure has a fine texture and a small ratio of carbon to nitrogen, with an average of 14.3:1. It is generally easier to decompose. However, there is less fiber-decomposing bacteria in the pig manure, and the indigestible residue is decomposed slowly. Therefore, the pig manure is soft, smooth and has stamina. The content of nitrogen and potassium in pig urine is lower than that of other livestock urine, but the content of phosphorus is the highest. The nitrogen in the form of hippuric acid, which is difficult to decompose in urine, is less urine than cows and sheep, so the pig's urine is easily decomposed and has a good fertilizer effect. Pig manure is suitable for various soil and crop applications.
Horse manure urine is a herbivore animal, and its ability to chew and digest the forage grass is poor. Therefore, there are many organic matter, and the texture is coarse and loose, and it is easy to evaporate water. Horse manure contains a large amount of cellulose, which causes the horse dung to be cooked quickly and emits large amounts of heat, which is called thermal fertilizer. The nitrogen in horse urine is mainly in the form of urea, and the content is highest in animal urine. Therefore, horse urine is easy to decompose and has a quick effect. Horse manure is a good material for the fever of seedbeds when growing vegetables, and it can also improve clay soil.
Cow dung urine is a ruminant animal. The feed is grass-based, chewing is fine, and digestion is strong. Therefore, cow dung has the lowest nutrient content. The fine texture of cow dung, carbon and nitrogen ratio of 21.5:1, high water content, poor ventilation, slow decomposition, fertilizer effect is slow, poor heat, cold fertilizer. Nitrogen-containing compounds in cow's urine are mainly hippuric acid nitrogen, so the decomposition is slow and the fertilizer effect is also slow. Sand soil reform is good.
Sheep excrement The urine sheep are also ruminants, but they consume less water than cows and are not cautious. They contain organic matter and total nitrogen higher than others. The texture of sheep's feces is fine and dry, and the calorific value is between horse and cow dung. It is also a thermal fertilizer. The highest urine nitrogen and potassium, urea nitrogen-based sheep, so easy to decompose, fast effect, suitable for all kinds of soil.
[Related Art 3]
Poultry manure is the general term for chickens, ducks, geese, and pigeons. As the farming of poultry in rural areas has become more common, such sources of fertilizer are increasing. Poultry excrement is excreted by the mix. From the point of nutrients, chickens and pigeons are relatively high, followed by ducks and geese. The organic matter content in poultry excreta is about 23.4%-30.8%, the nitrogen content is 0.55%-1.76%, the phosphorus content is 0.5%-1.78%, and the potassium content is 0.62-1.0%.
The form of nitrogen in poultry excreta is uric acid nitrogen, which accounts for about 60% of total nitrogen. Uric acid first decomposes into allantoin in the soil, then into urea and finally into ammonium carbonate. Amide accounts for only about 10%.
Due to less omnivorous food and drinking water in poultry, the nutrient content of poultry's feces is higher than that of livestock feces. During the process of composting and decomposing, the poultry can produce high temperature and is a thermal fertilizer. Decomposed fermentation is applied as a powder or granules. Vegetable fields can be used as base fertilizers and seed fertilizers, and they can be applied in batches. The amount per mu is 50-100 kg.
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